Criticism Of Secular Humanism - 787 Words

Secular Humanism What is Secular Humanism? Well I will be describing it to you throughout this essay. Secular Humanism is basically a humanist way of thinking. This idea revolves around people believing in a naturalist type world where people don’t believe in a higher power to solve problems. It is mostly about human reasoning, social justice, and naturalism where you make calls and judgments based on what you think is right and wrong and not what someone else said in a book. Now for the definitions gathered from multiple books. The first definition, â€Å"Any set of moral principles or school of moral philosophy whose values do not derive from religion or believe in the supernatural,† from the resource book titled, Ethics Revised Edition,†¦show more content†¦Furthermore, we have the different labels that are tagged with Secular humanism. There are many different names for this particular idea simply because there are so many versions all over the world, but here are a few that I have noticed while reading through book after book. There are names like, Naturalist [which I have used above a few times], Anti-Religion, Non-Theism, Atheism, Agnosticism, Theism, Freethought, and many others from different countries. Depending on how people live their life as a Secular Humanist they have either more intense or less intense names for those whom are willing to give themselves that title. Lastly, we get to the examples of Secular Humanism. There are actually a lot more people who were Secular Humanists then I thought, but I don’t know them all without looking it up on the internet so I’ll just list the ones that are mentioned in Paul Kurtz book What is Secular Humanism? Here are the people Kurtz listed in his book from history, Aristotle, Socrates, Plato, Galileo, Giordano Bruno, David Hume, Voltaire, Thomas Paine, Thomas Jefferson, Michel de Montaigne, Gianozzo, Manetti, Marsilio Ficino, Giovanni Pico della Mirandola, Bertand Russell, John Dewey, Simone de Beauvoir, Jean-Paul Sartre, and many others. All of these people were either scientists or philosophers in some shape or form. So, throughout history we have had a lotShow MoreRelatedChristian Worldview And The Secular Worldview Of Account1245 Words   |  5 PagesTo compare the Christian worldview to the secular worldview of account, one must understand the definition of what a worldview is and wha t a Christian worldview looks like as well as what a secular worldview looks. According to Valk (2012), Worldviews are those larger pictures that inform and in turn form our perceptions of reality. They are visions of life as well as ways of life, are individual and personal, yet bind adherents together communally (p. 1). It is not uncommon for individuals toRead MoreEssay on The Renaissance Humanistic Concept of Man994 Words   |  4 Pagesawakening, the symbol of excellence and rebirth. It gave birth to the doctrines and principles that dominate the philosophy up until nowadays. Humanism developed as one of the principal philosophical concepts of Renaissance. What does this concept mean, why is it so crucial to understanding of the epoch of Renaissance? 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At the start of the 16th centuryRead MoreDivided Christianity: What Went Wrong 1468 Words   |  6 Pageseffects of scientific secularism continued to take its toll on the Christian churches, several theologians and scholars like Friedrich Schleiermacher arose to defend Christianity . Unfortunately, his defense did not protect Christianity from the criticism since it led to the emergence of liberal theology and liberal Christianity. Liberal theology is a flexible method of understanding and knowing God through the use of scriptures by making use of the same hermeneutics and principles applied in understandingRead MoreHow the Renaissance, Reformation, and Scientific Revolution Led to a More Secular and Democrtatic Society1437 Words   |  6 PagesSocial Revolutions Lead to Political Reform: How the Renaissance, Reformation, and Scientific Revolution Led to a more Secular and Democratic Political Atmosphere. 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HeRead MoreSummary of Medieval and Renaissance Criticism1505 Words   |  7 Pagesand Renaissance Criticism Submitted by R. Zothanmawia V Semester BA R/no: 1101BA005 MEDIEVAL CRITICISM The period between the Classical Age and the Renaissance is vaguely named the Middle Age or the Medieval Age. In England, this period spans eight centuries and historians place it from the year of composition of Beowulf in 725 AD to 1474 AD when Caxton published the first book ever printed. The only standard work that dealt with Medieval Criticism is English Literary Criticism: The Medieval

Kohlberg`s Three Levels and Six Stages of Moral Reasoning Free Essays

Lawrence Kohlberg, a professor of psychology in the University of Chicago, has created his own theory of moral development. The theory is based on children’s reasoning, when facing moral dilemmas, however, Kohlberg went far beyond that and created a common theory for all ages. Under his theory moral thinking passes through six separate stages, which are broken into three levels. We will write a custom essay sample on Kohlberg`s Three Levels and Six Stages of Moral Reasoning or any similar topic only for you Order Now This paper aims to provide a review of stages and levels proposed by Kohlberg.  The first level is PRE-CONVENTIONAL. This level is more characteristic for children, although it is sometimes passed by adults too. At this level an individual considers exclusively direct consequences of an action for himself. Reasoning at this level is purely egoistic and consists of two stages: Stage 1 An individual concentrates only on direct consequences for himself and the main moral deterrence is fear of punishment. Moral futility of an action is estimated by punishment. The more severe is the punishment, the worse an action is[1]. Stage 2 is characterized by limited interest to the needs of others. However, this interest is of egocentric. A person is interested in getting something for himself for his/her moral behavior[2].  The second level is CONVENTIONAL. This stage is typical for most adults. At this level individuals compare the morality of their actions to social norms and expectations. This level includes the third and fourth stage of moral reasoning. Stage 3 is related to social roles. People act so, as their relatives, friends and members of their group act to receive their praise. Actions are evaluated in terms of personal relationships and social stereotypes. The main deterrence is fear of authority and fear of social condemnation[3]. Stage 4 is similar to stage 3, however it is extended as actions are evaluated in terms of laws and social conventions. Individual needs are overcome at this stage and laws are attributed own value. A distinction between right and wrong in this stage is created by culpability of an action.  The third level is POST-CONVENTIONAL is also called â€Å"principled level†. Actions are evaluated by an individual before they are evaluated by society. A person becomes morally â€Å"autonomous†[4]. The level includes stages 5 and 6. Stage 5 At this stage an individual comes to understanding, that people hold different views and opinions. Laws are understood not only as rules, but as useful social contracts. Those, who act against common good are considered to be morally bad and those have to be changed. The aim of morals is understood as â€Å"as much good for as many people as possible†, which is achieved by decision of the majority. Stage 6 is characterized by abstract reasoning and universality of ethical principles. An individual comes to understanding that any laws may be justified only to the extent they correspond those universal principles[5]. The social consensus is reached after â€Å"seeing the situation from another man’s eyes†. It is firstly necessary to get full understanding of all moral positions on the matter and after that a consensus between those positions should be reached. This action is validated by consent of every person, not only the majority. References 1. Shaffer, David R. (2004). Social and Personality Development, 5th Ed, Wadsworth Publishing 2. Kohlberg, Lawrence; T. Lickona, ed. (1976). â€Å"Moral stages and moralization: The cognitive-developmental approach†, Moral Development and Behavior: Theory, Research and Social Issues. Rinehart and Winston 3. Rawls, John (1971). A Theory of Justice. Cambridge, MA: Belkap Press of Harvard University Press 4. Kohlberg, Lawrence (1973). â€Å"The Claim to Moral Adequacy of a Highest Stage of Moral Judgment†. Journal of Philosophy 70 [1] Shaffer, David R. (2004). Social and Personality Development, 5th Ed, Wadsworth Publishing, p.- 43                         [2] Kohlberg, Lawrence (1973). â€Å"The Claim to Moral Adequacy of a Highest Stage of Moral Judgment†. Journal of Philosophy 70: 630-646 [3] Supra note                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              [4] Kohlberg, Lawrence; T. Lickona, ed. (1976). â€Å"Moral stages and moralization: The cognitive-developmental approach†, Moral Development and Behavior: Theory, Research and Social Issues. Rinehart and Winston p.-188    [5] Rawls, John (1971). A Theory of Justice. Cambridge, MA: Belkap Press of Harvard University Press, p.-201 How to cite Kohlberg`s Three Levels and Six Stages of Moral Reasoning, Essay examples

Dfa Case Study free essay sample

INVESTMENTS DFA Case study Introduction Dimensional Fund Advisors, further referred to as DFA, is an investment company that bases its strategy mainly on academic research and related theories. They work together with proponents of the efficient market hypothesis, indicating a relatively strong belief in this theory and thus in efficient markets. However DFA also feels that skilled traders have the ability to contribute to a fund’s profits even when the investment is inherently passive and DFA does adjusts its strategy to new findings in the field. In this report we will evaluate the relevance and accuracy of the theories used by DFA, especially the value premium and the size premium where almost all of their funds are based upon. This will lead to comments on the usefulness of these theories to increase the return of DFA’s funds and to recommendations about changes in strategy that will enhance the performance of DFA overall. We will write a custom essay sample on Dfa Case Study or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Performance and strategy so far DFA has performed relatively well over the years, aside from some relatively rough patches in the late 1990s. Growth of the company had been stable and profits high. There was no need to sell shares for liquidity reasons and shares were only sold if they did not fit into a fund anymore. This didn’t happen very often though as DFA had several funds that were â€Å"connected†, when a stock in the Micro Cap portfolio grew too big it could be placed into a fund with bigger companies (Small Cap portfolio). An important part of DFA’s strategy, that contributed to the performance of DFA so far, is aimed at achieving discounts in trades through buying in large blocks. Results from research by Donald Keim1 show that the average discount obtained by DFA on block trades was 3. 33%. These discounts were largely responsible for the fact that DFA’s passively managed small-stock portfolio outperformed the typical small-stock indexes by about 200 basis points per year on average. Another factor contributing to the relative success of these small cap indexes is the thorough research that DFA performs when it trades with other companies, preventing adverse selection and the negative implications of this phenomenon. Despite DFA’s historic performance, the investment company is â€Å"only† ranked 96th (in Pensions and Investments) among other investment companies, changes in certain elements of DFA’s strategy and an increased ocus on its competitive advantages will lead to a higher position on this list. The logic behind the funds – The use of the Size premium and the Value premium findings DFA manages several funds, based on academic research and different empirical findings. One of these funds is the U. S. Micro Cap Portfolio, which invests in stocks whose market cap fall below a certain cutoff point. This fund had been launched in 1981 as a reaction to findings of, amongst others, Rolf Banz2 (1981). Banz had found that risk adjusted returns on smaller stocks had been higher, on average, than returns on stocks of larger firms. DFA saw an opportunity to acquire investors by using this new insight, because many mutual funds in that time focused only on investments in stocks of large companies. Following the launch DFA added the U. S. Small Cap Portfolio and the U. S. Small XM Portfolio, which had different cut-off points regarding the market cap. In addition to funds that are related to the so-called size premium, DFA also used findings of other economists, Fama and French, to set-up new portfolios. Fama and French had found that â€Å"value stocks†, stocks of companies with a high book-to-market value, had provided a higher return than â€Å"growth stocks†, stocks of companies with a low book-to-market value. As a reaction DFA used the preliminary findings of the authors to set up a U. S. Small Value investment fund in 1992 and several other value funds were created in the following years. 1 Donald Keim, Exhibit 10 from Harvard Business Case (2003). 2 Banz, R. W. , ‘The relationship between return and market value of common stocks’, Journal of Financial Economics, 9 (1981), pp. 3-18. DFA thus used findings related to the value premium and the size premium through creating several funds. DFA’s strategy is as a result of this to a great extent depended on the actual existence and persistence of both effects. Did DFA react too quickly to these still relatively controversial findings, do they fit in with the relatively strong beliefs in efficient markets by DFA and could a change in DFA’s strategy increase both the performance of its funds and the company overall? These questions will be answered by a thorough analysis of the value, and the size premium. Value premium A lot of criticism on the CAPM has arisen over the last decades. One finding by Basu in 1977 is often used by opponents of the model in order to take down the foundation of the CAPM. Basu3 found that stocks with a low price –earnings ratio, called value stocks, tend to outperform stocks with a high priceearnings ratio, named growth stocks. As the CAPM only allows for fundamental risk to explain excess returns on stocks, the finding that stocks from companies with high fundamentals (earnings, sales, dividends) relative to price outperformed growth stocks was in contradiction with the classical CAPM. Proponents of the CAPM and the efficient market argued that the value premium could be explained by their â€Å"classical† risk-and-return rewards, value stocks they argued earned higher returns due to higher risk related to poor performance in the recent history of the firm. Fama and French4 however also concluded that the value premium did exist and even found in the same paper that the book-to-market ratio and size premium together were able to explain excess returns of a stock while fundamental risk, the only ingredient in the CAPM, had no explanatory power anymore. After these findings by Fama and French a lot of other papers have been written about the value premium, while some of these are highly critical on the value premium5 most of them conclude that there has indeed been a premium on returns of stocks with a high book-to-market ratio at least for some periods in time. This premium has been quite extensive in certain times, Fama and French6 for example found that small value stocks had made 8% per year on average in excess of market returns from 1934 till 2006 and that the premium for big value stocks had been 2. 8%. When you look at the graph below however you can also see that the value premium has been far from constant over time. In most of the 90’s for instance growth stocks outperformed value stocks, while after the internet bubble a reversal set-in and value stocks did a lot better than growth stocks. Some argue that cyclical circumstances can clarify these changes in the value premium7, but if you take another look at the graph it is hard to defend this explanation since the value premium was negative and didn’t go up during the most recent â€Å"financial crisis†. 3 Basu,

Jose Rizal, My Last Farewell Explanation Essay Example

Jose Rizal, My Last Farewell Explanation Paper My Last Farewell by Jose Rizal Mi ultimo adios (Spanish  for My Last Farewell) is a  poem  written by  Philippine  national hero Dr  Jose Rizal  on the eve of his  execution on 30 December 1896. This poem was one of the last notes he wrote before his death; another that he had written was found in his shoe but because the text was illegible, its contents remain a mystery. Title Rizal did not ascribe a title to his poem. Mariano Ponce, his friend and fellow reformist, titled it  Mi Ultimo Pensamiento  (My Last Thought) in the copies he distributed, but this did not catch on. On the afternoon of Dec. 29, 1896, a day before his execution, Dr. Jose Rizal was visited by his mother, Teodora Alonzo, sisters Lucia, Josefa, Trinidad, Maria and Narcisa, and two nephews. When they took their leave, Rizal told Trinidad in English that there was something in the small alcohol stove (cocinilla), not alcohol lamp (lamparilla). The stove was given to Narcisa by the guard when the party was about to board their carriage in the courtyard. At home, the Rizal ladies recovered from the stove a folded paper. On it was written an unsigned, untitled and undated poem of 14 five-line stanzas. The Rizals reproduced copies of the poem and sent them to Rizals friends in the country and abroad. We will write a custom essay sample on Jose Rizal, My Last Farewell Explanation specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Jose Rizal, My Last Farewell Explanation specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Jose Rizal, My Last Farewell Explanation specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer In 1897, Mariano Ponce in Hong Kong had the poem printed with the title Mi Ultimo Pensamiento. Fr. Mariano Dacanay, who received a copy of the poem while a prisoner in Bilibid (jail), published it in the first issue of  La Independencia  on Sept. 25, 1898 with the title Ultimo Adios.   [1] The stove was not delivered until after the execution as Rizal needed it to light the room. This 14-stanza poem of Jose Rizal talks about his â€Å"Goodbyes† to his dear Fatherland where his love is dedicated to. He wrote it on the evening before his execution. Farewell, dear Fatherland, clime of the sun caressd Pearl of the Orient seas, our Eden lost! Gladly now I go to give thee this faded lifes best, And were it brighter, fresher, or more blest Still would I give it thee, nor count the cost. On the field of battle, mid the frenzy of fight, Others have given their lives, without doubt or heed; The place matters not-cypress or laurel or lily white, Scaffold or open plain, combat or m artyrdoms plight, T is ever the same, to serve our home and countrys need. Interpretation The first stanza speaks about Rizal’s beautiful description of his Fatherland. He used the biblical Eden to describe the Pre-Hispanic Philippines which is an imaginary time of purity and innocence. He adores the beautiful country that he and others are fighting for. He said that he is glad to give his life to Filipinas even though his life was brighter, fresher, or more blest than it is  now  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ pertaining to the time when he wrote the poem. The second stanza speaks about the men who gave their life to his beloved country. Rizal said that their dedication and patriotism to the country is without second thoughts. It doesn’t matter how one struggles, that all struggles, all deaths, are worth it if it is for the good of the country. The third stanza speaks about Rizal’s love of liberty. The image of dawn that Rizal used in the first line signifies the liberation that he adores. In the third and fourth line, he says that if the colour of liberation lacks his blood, he must die for the country to attain freedom. The fourth stanza presents the flashback of Rizal’s love for the patria that started when he was young. He was young when he saw the martyrdom of the GOMBURZA and promised that he would dedicate himself to avenge one day for those victims. His dreams were to see his country in eminent liberation, free from sorrow and grief. The fifth stanza repeats Rizal’s dream of complete liberation. All Hail! † signifies that he is positively welcoming the dawn of freedom after his death. He also repeats what he has said in the third stanza that it is his desire to dedicate his life to the Patria. The sixth stanza describes the image of Rizal’s grave being forgotten someday. The grassy sod may represent the country’s development, the growth of liberty, and that with the redemption of the country, he becomes forgotten. Rizal does not say here that he wants monuments, streets, or schools in his name, just a fond kiss and a warm breath so he could feel he is not forgotten. In the seventh stanza, Rizal says he wants to see or feel the moon, dawn, wind, and a bird over his grave. The moon’s beam may represent a night without its gloom like a country without its oppressors. The imagery of dawn has been repeated here and its radiant flashes represent the shining light of redemption that sheds over his honour. Only the wind will lament over his grave. The bird does not lament him but sings of peace, the peace that comes with liberation and the peace with which he rests below. In the eighth stanza, the metaphor of the sun drawing the vapors up to the sky signifies that the earth is being cleansed by the sun like taking away the sorrows and tears that has shed including his last cry. Line 3 reminds us to remember why he died – for the redemption of the country. And he wants to hear a prayer in the still evening – evening because he may also want to see a beam of light from the moon which he stated in the stanza 7, and that it is before the  dawn. Prayers he stated that will make him rest in peace in God’s hands. Rizal said in the ninth stanza that he also wants his fellowmen to also pray for others who also have died and suffered for the country. Also pray for the mothers, the orphans and widows, and the captives who also have cried and have tortured, and again, for his soul to rest in peace. The tenth stanza says that Rizal’s tomb is on the graveyard with the other dead people. Rizal says that in the night, he does not want to be disturbed in his rest along with the others and the mystery the graveyard contains. And whenever we hear a sad song emanating from the grave, it is he who sings for his fatherland. In the eleventh stanza, Rizal says a request that his ashes be spread by the plough before it will no longer take significance. His ashes represent his thoughts, words, and philosophy making it his intellectual remains. The symbolic ashes should be spread all over Filipinas to fertilize the new free country long after he is forgotten. The twelfth stanza again speaks about being forgotten but Rizal does not care about it anymore. Oblivion does not matter for he would travel far and wide over his beloved fatherland. He keeps his faith with him as he sings his hymn for the nation. Rizal says goodbye to his adored Fatherland in the thirteenth stanza. He gives goodbye to his parents, friends, and the small children. He gives everything to Filipinas. Now, he satisfies his death by saying he will be going to a place where there is peace – no slaves, no oppressors, no killed faith. He is going to a place where God rules over – not the tyrants. Finally, in the last stanza, Rizal cries his farewell to all his fellowmen – his childhood friends, and his sweet friend that lightened his way. In the last line, he repeats that â€Å"In Death there is rest! † which means that he, being ready to be executed, is happy to die in peace.

Free Essays on Multiple Personality Disorder

â€Å"The presence of two or more distinct identities or personality states,† is something you’d expect to hear as the title to an X-files episode. In reality, this line is found in the DSM-IV as a physiological disorder. This rare disorder is called Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID) or formally known as multiple personality disorder. Dissociation is a mental process, which produces a lack of connection in a person’s thoughts, memories, feelings, actions, or sense of identity. In DID at least two of the identities or personality states recurrently take control of the person’s behavior. In some cases the personalities are so separate that they don’t know they inhabit a body with other â€Å"people.† The origins of dissociative identity disorder are still not understood. Although it’s not understood, one theory suggests that it developed in response to childhood abuse. The abuse then can lead to many symptoms in adulthood. Questions have been raised as to why DID occurs and the symptoms that follow it. Because of this uncertainty, misdiagnosis occurs and makes it very difficult to find the correct kind of treatment. Research shows that DID may affect 1% of the general population. Physical and sexual abuse are just examples of two traumatic situations from which a child may resort to â€Å"going away† in his or her own head. This ability is typically used as an extremely effective defense against physical and emotional pain. By this dissociative process, thoughts, feelings, memories, and perceptions of the traumatic experiences can be separated off psychologically, allowing the child to function as if trauma had not occurred. DID is said to be a highly creative survival technique, because it allows people in â€Å"hopeless† situations to preserve some area of healthy functioning. Overtime, a child who has repeatedly been physically and sexually assaulted â€Å"going away† may start to be conditioned and re... Free Essays on Multiple Personality Disorder Free Essays on Multiple Personality Disorder â€Å"The presence of two or more distinct identities or personality states,† is something you’d expect to hear as the title to an X-files episode. In reality, this line is found in the DSM-IV as a physiological disorder. This rare disorder is called Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID) or formally known as multiple personality disorder. Dissociation is a mental process, which produces a lack of connection in a person’s thoughts, memories, feelings, actions, or sense of identity. In DID at least two of the identities or personality states recurrently take control of the person’s behavior. In some cases the personalities are so separate that they don’t know they inhabit a body with other â€Å"people.† The origins of dissociative identity disorder are still not understood. Although it’s not understood, one theory suggests that it developed in response to childhood abuse. The abuse then can lead to many symptoms in adulthood. Questions have been raised as to why DID occurs and the symptoms that follow it. Because of this uncertainty, misdiagnosis occurs and makes it very difficult to find the correct kind of treatment. Research shows that DID may affect 1% of the general population. Physical and sexual abuse are just examples of two traumatic situations from which a child may resort to â€Å"going away† in his or her own head. This ability is typically used as an extremely effective defense against physical and emotional pain. By this dissociative process, thoughts, feelings, memories, and perceptions of the traumatic experiences can be separated off psychologically, allowing the child to function as if trauma had not occurred. DID is said to be a highly creative survival technique, because it allows people in â€Å"hopeless† situations to preserve some area of healthy functioning. Overtime, a child who has repeatedly been physically and sexually assaulted â€Å"going away† may start to be conditioned and re...

Operation Sea Lion (Invasion of Britain) in WWII

Operation Sea Lion (Invasion of Britain) in WWII Operation Sea Lion was the German plan for the invasion of Britain in  World War II  (1939-1945) and was planned for sometime in late 1940, after the Fall of France. Background With the German victory over Poland in the opening campaigns of World War II, leaders in Berlin commenced planning for fighting in the west against France and Britain. These plans called for the capture of ports along the English Channel followed by efforts to force Britains surrender. How this was to be accomplished quickly became a matter of debate among the German militarys senior leadership.  This saw Grand Admiral Erich Raeder, commander of the Kriegsmarine, and Reichsmarschall Hermann Gà ¶ring of the Luftwaffe both argue against a seaborne invasion and lobby for various types of blockades aimed at crippling the British economy. Conversely, the army leadership advocated for landings in East Anglia, which would see 100,000 men put ashore. Raeder countered this by arguing that it would take a year to assemble the shipping required and that the British Home Fleet would need to be neutralized.  Gà ¶ring continued to argue that such a cross-channel effort could only be made as final act of an already victorious war against Britain. Despite these misgivings, in the summer of 1940, shortly after Germanys stunning conquest of France, Adolf Hitler turned his attention to the possibility of an invasion of Britain. Somewhat surprised that London had rebuffed peace overtures, he issued Directive No. 16 on July 16 which stated, As England, in spite of the hopelessness of her military position, has so far shown herself unwilling to come to any compromise, I have decided to begin to prepare for, and if necessary to carry out, an invasion of England...and if necessary the island will be occupied. For this to succeed, Hitler laid out four conditions that had to be met to ensure success. Similar to those identified by German military planners in late 1939, they included elimination of the Royal Air Force to ensure air superiority, clearing of the English Channel of mines and the laying of German mines, the emplacing of artillery along the English Channel, and preventing the Royal Navy from interfering with the landings. Though pushed by Hitler, neither Raeder or Gà ¶ring actively supported the invasion plan. Having taken serious losses to the surface fleet during the invasion of Norway, Raeder came to actively oppose the effort as the Kriegsmarine lacked the warships to either defeat the Home Fleet or support a crossing of the Channel. German Planning Dubbed Operation Sea Lion, planning moved forward under the guidance of Chief of the General Staff General Fritz Halder. Though Hitler had originally desired to invade on August 16, it was soon realized that this date was unrealistic. Meeting with planners on July 31, Hitler was informed that most desired to postpone the operation until May 1941. As this would remove the political threat of the operation, Hitler refused this request but agreed to push Sea Lion back until September 16. In the early stages, the invasion plan for Sea Lion called for landings on a 200-mile front from Lyme Regis east to Ramsgate. This would have seen Field Marshal Wilhelm Ritter von Leebs Army Group C cross from Cherbourg and land at Lyme Regis while Field Marshal Gerd von Rundstedts Army Group A sailed from Le Havre and the Calais area to land the southeast. Possessing a small and depleted surface fleet, Raeder opposed this broad front approach as he felt it could not be defended from the Royal Navy. As Gà ¶ring began intense attacks against the RAF in August, which developed into the Battle of Britain, Halder vehemently attacked his naval counterpart, feeling that a narrow invasion front would lead to heavy casualties. The Plan Changes Bowing to Raeders arguments, Hitler agreed to narrow the scope of the invasion on August 13 with the westernmost landings to be made at Worthing. As such, only Army Group A would take part in the initial landings. Composed of the 9th and 16th Armies, von Rundstedts command would cross the Channel and establish a front from the Thames Estuary to Portsmouth. Pausing, they would build up their forces before conducting a pincer attack against London. This taken, German forces would advance north to around the 52nd parallel. Hitler assumed that Britain would surrender by the time his troops reached this line. As the invasion plan continued to be in flux, Raeder was plagued by a lack of purpose-built landing craft. To remedy this situation, the Kriegsmarine gathered around 2,400 barges from around Europe. Though a large number, they were still insufficient for the invasion and could only be used in relatively calm seas. As these were gathered in the Channel ports, Raeder continued to be concerned that his naval forces would be insufficient to combat the Royal Navys Home Fleet. To further support the invasion, a myriad of heavy guns were emplaced along the Straits of Dover. British Preparations Aware of German invasion preparations, the British began defensive planning. Though a large number of men were available, much of the British Armys heavy equipment had been lost during the Dunkirk Evacuation. Appointed Commander-in-Chief, Home Forces in late May, General Sir Edmund Ironside was tasked with overseeing the islands defense. Lacking sufficient mobile forces, he elected to construct a system of static defensive lines around southern Britain, which were backed by the heavier General Headquarters Anti-tank Line. These lines were to be supported by a small mobile reserve. Delayed and Cancelled On September 3, with British Spitfires and Hurricanes still controlling the skies over southern Britain, Sea Lion was again postponed, first to September 21 and then, eleven days later, to September 27. On September 15, Gà ¶ring launched massive raids against Britain in an attempt to crush Air Chief Marshal Hugh Dowdings Fighter Command. Defeated, the Luftwaffe took heavy losses. Summoning Gà ¶ring and von Rundstedt on September 17, Hitler indefinitely postponed Operation Sea Lion citing the Luftwaffes failure to obtain air superiority and a general lack of coordination between the branches of the German military. Turning his attention eastward to the Soviet Union and planning for Operation Barbarossa, Hitler never returned to the invasion of Britain and the invasion barges were ultimately dispersed. In the years after the war, many officers and historians have debated whether Operation Sea Lion could have succeeded. Most have concluded that it likely would have failed due to the strength of the Royal Navy and the Kriegsmarines inability to prevent it from interfering with the landings and subsequent re-supply of those troops already ashore. Sources Cruickshank, Dan. â€Å"History - World Wars: The German Threat to Britain in World War Two.†Ã‚  BBC, BBC, 21 June 2011â€Å"Operation Sealion.†Ã‚  History Learning SiteDunkirk evacuation, Operation Sealion and the Battle of Britain.  The Other Side

Personal Profile Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Personal Profile Paper - Essay Example I am Joshua Leung and I come from Hong Kong. Personality wise, I am a positive person who has a tendency to look for the good in everyone. In addition, I tend to look for the positive in each situation. This can be demonstrated by my persistent in studying irrespective of the fact that I am not very talented on academic matters. However, I still set goals and struggle to achieve them. This has enabled me to achieve quite a lot academically. Moreover, being a positive person helps me deal with difficult situations without giving up since I always hope that things will eventually work out for the best. I always avoid taking offense easily. This has helped me deal with people of different kinds. Sometimes, my friends and people I come across tend to criticize me for being too ambitious. However, I appreciate constructive criticism and make use of it to improve. I consider every situation to be a learning experience and ensure that I learn from it. Additionally, being positive enables me not to be easily irritated since I do not take everything personally. On the assessment score, I scored highest on being a friendly and open person. This is true is true since I manage to cope with people from varying background. This has enabled me live peacefully in United States. I cope well with people in US irrespective of the great differences in culture. Additionally, I take responsibility and accept deal with problems that my action may create even when the situation is not comfortable. I consider myself an extrovert. since I tend to be stimulated by events as well as other people. I tend to show my feelings and love working with people in groups. Additionally, I am inclined to using my senses to interpret the word by making use of my senses and prefer practical exercises. I realized I prefer dealing with practical situations involving problem solving as opposed to theoretical issues. On the personal assessment, I had a score of 135 on the type A person. Being a type A person means that I am aggressive and struggle to achieve more in limited time. This is true because I tend to be quite impatient and often find myself striving to achieve more things in a short period. Ever since I was young, I have always considered time to be an important factor that should be spent wisely. This can be demonstrated by the little time I spend on lei sure activities. Although I spend considerable time with my friend, I always ensure that am participating in something constructive. Another thing about me is that I am very concerned about the political matters. This is because I understand that organizations are political systems. Since I hope to run my own company in the future, I believe this important. The self-assessment proved this since I scored 91 on how good I am in playing politics. Additionally, I tend to monitor myself and love possessing power. Although I consider and show concern on how other people view me, I have a strong positive self-concept. This makes me confident. However, being self-confident does not mean I consider myself better than I consider others. I have a good opinion about myself but I still have great regard for other people’s opinions. How Other People see me After discussing with my friends on what they think of me, most of them though I am creative. When faced by hard situations, my brother always asks for my help since he believes that I am good at coming up

Critical annotated bibliography consisting of eight academic-level

Critical consisting of eight academic-level - Annotated Bibliography Example The constant advances in digital technology also have made available a wide variety of devices such as I-pads, I-pods, smart phones etc that enable people to easily get connected to the internet due to which they constantly remain engaged with computers, internet and other devices. From desktops to laptops to handheld devices such as smart phones, modern technology has evolved at a tremendous pace and the ease and speed with which one can connect to internet encourages people especially youngsters to remain engaged with these devices for entertainment, communication, business and social networking. Thus, the modern humans have acquired a kind of overreliance on technology for every activity, which has made them addicted to it. The issue of addiction to computer and internet is more significant in the case of youngsters as this habit affects not only their studies and social life but health also. While computer and internet technologies have a lot of positive impacts on the modern world, they also have some negative effects on people especially youngsters. Due to the over indulgence with computer, internet and social networking, the youngsters today spend a lot of time in the cyberspace. This prevents them from engaging in healthy social interaction, physical activities etc apart from consuming a lot of their time, which they could otherwise have spent on studies or other creative activities. Thus, the issue needs to be investigated to understand the actual consequences of the problem and to suggest some remedial measures. This study intends to evaluate the problem of overindulgence of youngsters in the modern day with computer, internet and social networking activities. It will attempt to determine the impacts of this on their education, social life as well as health and suggest recommendations to regulate the use of internet and

Useful strategy for a college Essay Example for Free

Useful strategy for a college Essay The Summary/Response essay is a useful strategy for a college essay. Keep the following points in mind as you compose: $ The introduction will be a brief summary of one of the assigned essays or a chapter of the video and its main points. $ The introduction should end with your thesis statement indicating your reaction to the selection (agree/disagree) and the main point you will attempt to prove in your essay regarding this topic. $ Each body paragraph will present one aspect of your argument, and the topic sentence of each paragraph will inform the reader what that specific paragraph will discuss. $ Each body paragraph will include supporting details in the form of explanations, facts, examples (both personal and observed), and/or statistics. If you obtained any information from another source, be sure to state the source of the information and if needed, use quotation marks. $ Each paragraph should stick to its topic and not break unity or coherence by discussing ideas that belong in other paragraphs. All paragraphs will serve to prove your thesis. $ Add needed transition words such as those found on page 9 on your text. A few terms that signal you are adding more examples for explanation purposes are for instance, in addition, and furthermore. Some terms that prepare the reader for a contrast or change in viewpoints are however, although, and but. Some terms that show a result of idea and lead to a summary are therefore, consequently, a a result, and in conclusion.

Brave New World by Aldous Huxley Essay -- sex experience, prostitution

A Godless World With Orgies Think about a world where you first experience sex when you’re a little kid. A world where books and flowers might not be respected but you're conditioned to be happy. Conditioned to have sex with anyone you want, whenever you feel like it. It's true that you don't have to worry about violence and when you start feeling stressed, all you have to take is soma (a drug that creates pleasure and happiness.) then feel better. In the story, Brave New World by Aldous Huxley, that’s how their world worked and I do not believe that our world will ever come to a point like it. I agree that there is a sufficient amount of people that want to be happy but I feel like somethings aren’t realistic in the book that’s going to happen in our future. Also, I believe that many people want to have world peace but that requires no violence and something that I wish would happen but can’t see happen. Everyone isn’t the same and we all want different things leading to violence because everyone has their own way to deal with rage or even boredom. In the new world, since there’s no live birth and everyone belongs to each other, there is no God. There is Ford which is God in a sense but they don’t know who He is. I don’t think that God will be forgotten in the future. The idea of having specific places for people to go to have orgies isn’t something that I see happening. Our world takes prostitution seriously let alone orgies. For example, the incident that happened in Kennebunk, Maine. A woman named Alexis Wright run a prostitution business. When she was ratted-out and investigated, more than 100 names were wrote down on the list. She was sent to jail although now is released. The same thing would've most likely happened... ...we aren’t all the same person and aren’t conditioned like the charaters are the book, violence can and does happen in our world. Whether we like it or not, everyone is different in our world meaning that eveyone has theyre own way with doing the things that they do. Our world is just most not to become like the one in this book. Works Cited "Woman Who Ran Kennebunk 'Zumba Brothel' Released from Prison." The Guardian. theguardian.com, 23 Nov. 2013. Web. 24 Nov. 2013. "Violence." Dictionary.com. Dictionary.com, n.d. Web. 24 Nov. 2013. Pearson, Michael. "Random Killings Spark Laments, but Reality Shows Long Slide in Crime Rate." CNN. Cable News Network, 23 Aug. 2013. Web. 24 Nov. 2013. Castillo, Mariano, Alina Machado, Randi Kaye, Hilary Whiteman, and Josh Levs. "Oklahoma Killing May Be Gang-related." CNN. Cable News Network, 23 Aug. 2013. Web. 24 Nov. 2013.

Should we adopt the Euro?

In recent years there has been much debate as to whether the benefits outweigh the costs of adopting the Euro currency. This argument, often a fierce and personal one, has covered the front pages of newspapers for a very long time, and continues to rage on today. But what are the arguments, and should we really join the Euro? Let us start off with the benefits of joining the Euro. One large benefit would be the ease of which one would be able to check different prices across Europe due to one, single and only currency. This would mean that a great deal of time spent on checking, and comparing different prices in different countries with different currencies, would be a lot shorter. So, as a result, international trade and purchasing would be much easier and more time could be spent elsewhere. Another great benefit of the adoption of the Euro is the greater competition that it would induce in the market; the pressure to lower inflation and increase productivity would lead to the need for more innovation in the markets, thus creating a healthier and an ever-growing economy. This would mean that the chance of falling into a recession would be lower, employment would be higher, and incomes would as well. A third benefit is the encouragement of foreign companies to invest in the Eurozone. In due course, more money would be pumped into the economies of Europe and therefore generally Europe would be richer, especially the countries that adopted the Euro. Finally, joining the Eurozone would cause Britain to join a large group of countries that could, when working together, play a large role on the stage of world politics, with the voices of smaller countries in the Euro able to have a say on various topics. On the other hand, there are some strong arguments against joining the Euro. A rather surprisingly popular, if a little stupid, reason put forward is patriotic one – the centuries-old tradition of having the monarch's face on bank notes and coins would be ridden of if the country were to join the Euro, replaced with less patriotic images of Europe. This view is, quite unsurprisingly, not held with very high regard among those for joining the Eurozone. Another argument against adopting the currency was the 20% devaluation of the pound sterling in 2008-10, resulting in not such a bad recession. It was possible that if the UK had been in the Euro at the time, the general economic situation would be a great deal worse than it already is. A third argument against joining the Euro the problem of one Eurozone country's economy failing resulting in more damage to the other countries that use the Euro. This means that if a small country's economy failed, then the effects on other Eurozone countries would be greater due to the reliance on other countries in the Euro. In conclusion, I feel that, while the patriotic argument is quite weak, there isn't much use in joining the Euro, especially when its present situation is so bad considering the recession we find ourselves in. Perhaps, though, in a few years the UK may adopt this single currency, and instead of asking what the costs and benefits are, we must ask ourselves: â€Å"will it last? â€Å"

The Hunger Games vs. Gladiatorial Games

The Huger Games The Hunger Games is a game, that occurs annually and it is set up by the ruling Capitol to show the other 12 districts of Panem that the Capitol owns them and that they are in-charge and it also serves as a merciless reminder to the price of rebellion against the Capitol. The hunger games consist of twenty-four teenagers, a male and a female from each twelve districts and they range in ages of twelve to eighteen. They are put in an arena, that differs every year and they have to battle each other in a gruesome combat until there is one sole survivor that will be declared as victors.The film surrounds the sixteen year old protagonist, Katniss Everdeen. The story goes on as she volunteered to be a tribute on behalf of her little sister. Once in the game her and Peeta Mellark played a role of star crossed lovers to woe and get sponsors for the games. And at the end they were held victors of the 74th Hunger games. The Roman Gladiators The Roman Gladiator games is held mul tiple times throughout a year at festivals, funerals etc†¦ in 80 AD, Titus the emperor at that time opened the Coliseum with a hundred days of games and one of those days 3000 gladiators fought and on the other 9000 animals were killed.The games in fact served a number of purposes in roman society, including the education of roman values and virtues and even as a means of social control. Since Rome was a highly militaristic society, its citizens valued the art of killing in a way we would simply would find hard to understand. These public executions were a gruesome reminder to non-combatants, fellow citizens or subjects, that vengeance would be exacted if they betrayed their country, rebelled or were convicted of serious crimes.So in some sense the games helped preserve order within the city. Influence of Roman gladiators to the film/novel the Hunger games The chief manner in which ancient Roman leaders won the favour of the public was by doling out â€Å"bread and circusesâ⠂¬  (Latin â€Å"panem et circenses†) a phrase coined by the satirist Juvenal, to describe a practice that began in the late years of the Roman republic and that eventually symbolized the decline of Roman civic virtue. Even the country of Panem's name has its roots from the thematically significant Latin phrase.The â€Å"bread and circuses† consisted of huge handouts of grain to the public and the staging of massive, costly games that could last for weeks and slaughter thousands of animals (human gladiators were more rarely killed than is popularly imagined). In other words, give the people nourishment and entertainment and they'll overlook a little harmless oppression. As with the tributes in The Hunger Games, the Roman gladiators who fought in the arena generally had no choice as to whether or not they fought, since they were often slaves or prisoners of war (though there were volunteers who would fight for fame and fortune).Also, just as the gamemakers in The Hunge r Games introduce animals into the â€Å"arena† through teleportation technology, so in ancient Rome animals were brought into the arena through trap doors or raised up on platforms from the basement below the arena floor. Similarly, Katniss and Peeta's efforts to win over the crowd in order to stay alive are a reminder of the crowd's power in ancient Rome to signal life or death for a gladiator. Spartacus and the Hunger games Spartacus was born a Thracian, who trained in the roman army.During a war, he ran away and later captured by the Romans, as a punishment he was forced to be a slave and He was sold, in 73 B. C. , into the service of Lentulus Batiates, a man who taught at a ludus for gladiators in Capua, 20 miles from Mt. Vesuvius, in Campania. Then Spartacus sparked a rebellion by escaping from the school where he was being trained in Capua. Spartacus and the 70ish men who escaped with him began raiding the lavish country estates of the Roman elite and the slaves belong ing to these estates joined in, creating an army of thousands of slaves.In Hunger games, Katniss and Peeta sparked a rebellion when they defied the Capitol of its rules, buy threatining to eat the poisonous berries that would result with no victors for the games. The story of Spartacus rebellion relates a lot to Katniss’s rebellion, this is because when Katniss and Peeta defied the Capitol they made one district after another join the rebellion and through-out the rebellion they managed to defeat the oppressing Capitol. Tributes are Modern Day Gladiators Gladiators were prisoners of war.The reason that The Hunger Games was created and is still taking place is to remind the people of Panem of the rebellion and just how much control, the capitol has over all the districts. The Hunger Games is basically a war. If the children are reaped they have to go into the arena. They are prisoners of war because once they are reaped or volunteered they cannot go back. They are trapped in t he clutches of the capitol. Or slaves bought for the purpose of gladiatorial combat. The tributes aren’t exactly bought for The Hunger Games, but they are reaped just so they can fight in the games.They’re slaves because they are in control of the Capitol and have to do whatever they are told once in the control of the Capitol. Professional gladiators were free men who volunteered to participate in the games. Katniss volunteered to go into the games when her sister got reaped. If they’re not reaped the children from districts 1 and 2 usually volunteer to become tributes. Whilst they’re not free from the Capitol they are free in their choice. The entertainment took the form of combat, and people called gladiators fought each other to the death.In the Capitol the main entertainment is The Hunger Games. The tributes fight each other to the death until there is one left. The tributes are the gladiators who fought to the death In the Ancient Gladiatorial Games people would fight each other to the death for the entertainment of the public or for money. Before they fought to the death, they would parade themselves around, as if they were celebrities. After that the fighting began. Many of the people came from criminal backgrounds and were forced to fight under order from the emperor.The comparison between Katniss and the olden day Gladiators first comes in play when people volunteer’s themselves. People in the Districts of Panem can put their names more then once into the reaping bowel and in return get some rations. Gladiators who had financial trouble could receive money for just signing up. Katniss, like some of the gladiators volunteered themselves up. Katniss was forced to fight against other citizens of the nations in the attempt to become famous, exactly like the gladiators would. But Katniss isn’t the only gladiator in the Games. Career Tributes (from districts 1 and ) are also a prime example. Like some Romans they h ad been trained in an Academy for most of their lives in hope that they would win and get the fame they believe they believe they rightly deserve. The gladiators had to entertain the audience to get them to like them so they could get a higher respect value to get more supporters (like a rugby team getting for fans). This also happened in the hunger games as Katniss has to get the people of the capitol to like her so she can get sponsors to give her things to help her survive in the fight to death in the arena.In conclusion, the similarities and differences between Panem and the Ancient Roman Gladiatorial Games are quite plentiful. The connections that Suzanne Collins wrote in her book show interesting results when they are compared to the Gladiator Games. Throughout The Hunger Games, there are countless similarities and differences when you compare Panem and the games, such as Roman names, the purpose of the games and the outcome from these games.

Family Relationships Role-Plays English Lesson

Family Relationships Role-Plays English Lesson Using dialogues in class allows students to work on a wide range of skills. Asking students to write up their own role-plays can extend the activity to include written work, creative development, idiomatic expressions, and so on. This sort of activity is perfect for upper-intermediate to advanced level students. This family role-play lesson focuses on relationships between family members. If your students need help developing their family-related vocabulary you, use this exploring relationships vocabulary sheet to provide help. Aim: Consolidate skills through role-play creationActivity: Creation and in-class performance of role-plays related to family relationshipsLevel: Upper-intermediate to advanced Lesson Outline Use this activity as a larger theme-related objective focusing on vocabulary and communication skills related to family relationships.Quickly review the language of compromise. Write helpful phrases and expressions on the board so the students can reference these later in the activity.Pair up students. Ask them to imagine various scenarios that could lead to interesting discussions in the family.Hand out the role-play sheet and ask students to choose a scenario from those provided. If students are not interested in any of the provided role-play situations, ask them to use one of the scenarios they came up with in the warm-up activity.Have students write out their role-play.Assist students checking their grammar, suggesting alternate appropriate phrases and vocabulary.Allow students ample time to practice their role-play. If they can manage to memorize the role-play, the final performance will most likely be much more entertaining and instructive for all involved.Students perform thei r role-plays for the entire class. As a follow-up activity, ask students to choose one of the role-plays they were not involved in and write up a short summary of the conversation. Family Role-Plays Choose a role-play from one of the following scenarios. Write it up with your partner, and perform it for your classmates. Your writing will be checked for grammar, punctuation, spelling, etc., as will your participation, pronunciation, and interaction in the role-play. The role-play should last at least 2 minutes. You are a student at an English institute outside of your country. You’d like your parents to send you some more spending money. Telephone your father (your partner in the role-play) and ask for more money. Your father feels that you are spending too much money. Come to a compromise.You are visiting your cousin (your partner) whom you haven’t seen in a long time. Catch up on all the news from your two families, as well as from your own lives.You are a student who has improved at school, but your mother/father (your partner) doesn’t feel that you have done enough. Discuss together what you can do to improve your grades, but also recognize your increased efforts.You are the aunt/uncle of your partner. Your partner wants to ask you about what life was like with your brother (your partner’s father) when you were both teenagers. Have a discussion about the old times.You would like to get married to a man/woman your parents do not approve of. Have a discussion w ith your mother/father (your partner) about your plans. Try to break the news gently, while still maintaining your desire to get married. You are having a discussion with your husband/wife (your partner) about your son who is having problems at school. Accuse each other of not being a good parent, but try to come to a conclusion that will help your child.You are a technological wizard and have a new idea for a great startup on the internet. Try to convince your father to fund your business with a $100,000 loan. Your partner will be your father who is very skeptical about your idea because he thinks you should be a doctor.

Books Were an Important Part of Life in the Late 18th Century Essay Example for Free (#18)

Books Were an Important Part of Life in the Late 18th Century Essay Learning is one of important processes in human being life. It is self-evident that human development cannot stand without a proper learning. Since Learning provides unlimited Benefits, people should learn and experience it. The Reading is being reimagined over the time period. I’ll discuss about it later in this section. There are several ways that promotes Learning such as Books, electronic books, Movies, Periodicals such as Magazine, journals or Newspapers and Audio/Visual clips. Nowadays Libraries plays a critical role on keeping the Books alive due to the invention Mass media communications. I’ll talk further about this later in this section. Let’s take a closer look about Books. The book is one of the valuable sources of knowledge that provided numerous benefits, such benefits are it takes us into different worlds and cultures and it helps to learn other languages as well. So, we can tell that a book can be a truthful friend which helps to learn how to behave in practical life. Books cover different genres such as Comedy, Drama, Romance, Adventure, fiction etc. Director General of UNESCO addressed 1972 as the â€Å"International Book Year† and taking â€Å"Booking for all† as their Motto. UNESCO organizes a yearly event called â€Å"World Book day or International Day of the book† on 23th April every year worldwide to promote Reading, Publishing and Copyright. So we can understand How Important it is Reading in a life of Mankind. It was first celebrated on 23th April 1995. Writing believed to be developed between the 7th millennium BC and 4th millennium BC in china. Ancient people used to write using stones but wood was the first medium to write in the actual form of Book. From time to Time, the new technology inventions played vital part in the World. The Cambridge University Press was founded in 1534 and the first book was printed in 1583. Also the first press was founded in Cambridge, Massachusetts one of the North American British colonies in the year of Year 1639. Then first North American Public library was founded in Boston in the year of 1653. Eighteenth Century Americans were mainly interested in reading books about practical arts, religious and the politics as well. American does have a long tradition on reading habits since long back. Thus they are proved to be improved in vocal, public expressions both towards and against throughout reading skills. Novels are the entertaining seldom read by Americans in the 18th century. The nation’s first novel was published in the late 18th century. The first two novels to be published were Digges’ â€Å"Adventure of Alonso† and Brown’s â€Å"The power of Sympathy†. Women were also contributed to the success of Novels, Such writers were Susuana Rowson for her novel â€Å"Charlotte: A tale of truth†. This navel was re-issued under the title of Charlotte Temple, which sold more than million and half copies. The growth of novel reading grew rapidly towards the end of the year 1750. The main reason for the growth of novel readers was the rapid growth of the source of book materials such as book seller, public library and lending library. An average person was able to obtain their reading materials from booksellers, public libraries as well through lending libraries which were a cheaper option since they were able to rent the books for a small fee. Due to the vast number of readers between the year 1773 and 1798 the number of book trading companies as well as the number of public libraries grew rapidly at faster rate than the increasing population. While the population doubled in the period of 1790’s, the numbers of the circulating libraries were tripled. So in the late 18th century, the circulation libraries played a huge influence placing reading interest among the American public. Social libraries were able to expand their firms by joining the book selling companies and they were able to purchase and loan the books for a lower rate. By the year of 1790, books were the main source of entertainment, information and literature for an average person. According to the catalogues of the sellers, the percentage of fiction readers increased by nine percent between 1754 to 1765 and increased to thirteen percent between 1791 to 1800. Circulating Library catalogues contained fifty-eight percent fiction by the year of 1800 which was higher compared (twenty-eight percent) to the early 18th century. Though the books were little expensive at that period, the people were able to join in the circulating libraries for lower rate which is another proof that people were encouraged to read during this century. During the late 18th century, the book sellers showed interest requesting novels from their suppliers. As an example Robert Ben Winans (1975) states that â€Å"In 1801, a bookseller in North Carolina wrote to his supplier requesting that â€Å"Mr. Carey will be so obliging as to send as many of the Novels as he procure; it will be mutually our interest to keep a good collection, as the good folks her love light reading†. This letter accompanied an order called a -typical order of the period about 1800, which listed sixty-three books every one of them a novel†. (â€Å"The Growth of a Novel-Reading Public in Late-Eighteenth-Century America. Early American Literature. Vol. 9. No. 3 (Winter, 1975): 267-275. Print). This is a proof that tells the novels were read by rapidly growing people in the late 18th century. This period is described as Novel reading age. I strongly believe that books today have been replaced by other forms of mass communication such as Media, newspape r and magazine, Web. Though there were so many significant political, economic developments redesigned the new world, the dramatic and unprecedented centralization of the countries and their expansion, regulations and professionalization of the state forces are still appreciable. Every time a new invention strikes in mass communications, obviously the books had to compete with that invention. The first American newspaper called â€Å"Publick Occurrences, Both Foreign and Domestick† published in early 18th century. During the early 18th century, the weekly Newspapers acted as the means of carrying of intercolonial news and also the newspapers carried war news at that period . So people were interested in reading newspapers than Books at that period. Then the industrial era started from the nineteenth century initially with the telegraph applications. The first African-American newspaper was published in 1827 called the Freedom’s Journal. Also this has been followed by the inventions such as magazines, telegraph, printers, phonograph, postal discounted rates, photographic films and radio were in particular. So the century that belongs to the industrial revolution start for the mass media that affected the books and readers. Since the radio, television and movie inventions in the early 1900s, the information had started passing through voice than text form. People started feeling that listening to audio is more comfortable than reading. In 1980, first online newspaper was published on web . From time moves on, the physical form of book transformed in intangible form of text due the new inventions in this world. During the late 1980s, Information has transformed to digitalized manner and the revolution of Computer started striking the world. People believed that physically storing information was not safe, so they started storing information in digital code. In 1985, Voyagar Company stored books in CD-ROM which was the first step to the era of eBook. From then onwards, the learning has come to digital manner. Then the biggest bang to the book sales was the invention of the World Wide Web in the year of 1991. Then the first online blog was published in the year of 1997. Due to high volume of readers, authors showed an interest in writing online blogs. Convergence of Media (Video and Audio) introduced in the later 1990s. For example:-We can see presidential debates live on YouTube. So the information can be stored as Video or audio forms as well than the text form. Google has announced the Google Library Project which is digitalization of books in 2005. Nowadays libraries are playing an important role in preserving the books for the next generation. It is self-evident that physically books can’t long last because of the material and size. It is good in a way that if we store information in digital code it can long last than physically storing in a book. This generation people show interest in reading/learning, just the sales of the eBooks readers, pdf readers are the proofs. If we look into Amazon. com, we can see tons of EBooks and they also sell books as well. If we want, we can download the eBook instantly or else we have to wait till they ship it. Though the form of text (book) has changed due to new inventions, but the rate of readers has increased in the world. Earlier we had only text form but now we do have text, audio and video form as well. Nowadays people look for a better ways. I would say storing an eBook is far more convenient than carrying a book (physical book). Though the new innovation impacted the sales of the books (physical form), it’s good for the next generation to preserve the valuable information. Books Were an Important Part of Life in the Late 18th Century. (2016, Nov 29). 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Meat Cloning Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Meat Cloning - Essay Example According to Bartholet (2011), the repulsion to meat cloning results from some people’s objection to genetically modified products. The study by Mattick & Allenby (2013) indicates that a fear of potential competition for ranching is what makes people object to meat cloning. This fear is underpinned by the potential that meat cloning has to produce meat in large scale hence the possibility of overtaking and overshadowing conventional meat production. The high cost of establishing meat-cloning technology is the aspect cited by Omholt (2008) and Bartholet (2011) as the important economic consideration to meat cloning. This draws from the scarcity and high cost of the ingredients required to grow meat in the laboratory. Bhat & Bhat (2011) endorse fungi as one of the meat cloning media that can be sustainable. These authors advise that the solution to the high cost of meat cloning lie in the recyclability of the media used. Edwards (2010) propose that technology improvement would b oost the establishment of meat cloning. This is because improved technology would make it more efficient and economical.The current literature documents the moral and economic considerations associated with meat cloning. A few studies propose ways that can help address moral issues separately from economic issues. This study recognizes lack of a single way of addressing both considerations concurrently. It seeks to fill this gap by proposing an integrative approach to addressing these issues.